History of surah The Thunder

Name
This Surah gets its name from the word "thunder" (ar-Ra'ad) that appears in verse 13. It is only the Surah's symbolic name and in no way implies that the Surah addresses the scientific issues related to thunder.

Period of Revelation
The internal evidence (verses 27–31 and verses 34–48) demonstrates that this Surah was given during the final phase of the Holy Prophet's mission in Makkah, at the same period as Surahs Yunus, Hud, and Al-A'araf. The Holy Prophet had been delivering the Message for a very long period, based on the manner of discourse. His opponents had been coming up with various strategies to stop him and his Mission, while his supporters had been expressing hope that by performing a miracle, the unbelievers may be persuaded to follow the True Path. In response, Allah made it clear to the Believers that this is not the way He chooses to win over souls, and that they shouldn't give up hope even if He does provide the opposition to the Truth with a rope long enough to hang themselves. Otherwise, He is capable of doing such miracles as to cause the dead to rise from the tomb and talk (v. 31), but even then, these obstinate people will find a reason to rationalize this. All of this conclusive evidence demonstrates unequivocally that this Surah was revealed at Makkah during the Prophet's final phase of mission.

Central Theme
The opening verse states that "The Message of Muhammad (Allah's peace be upon him) is the absolute Truth, but it is the People's Fault that they are Rejecting It," which is the fundamental theme of this Surah. The center around which the entire Surah revolves is this. Since the fundamental tenets of the Message—Tauhid, Resurrection, and Prophethood—have been repeatedly and in various ways demonstrated to be true, they should honestly believe in them for their own moral and spiritual well-being. They have been told that if they reject them, they would bring about their own destruction because kufr is in and of itself pure foolishness and ignorance. Additionally, the Surah seeks to win over hearts as well as minds in order to convince them to embrace the Faith. As a result, it does more than simply present logical arguments in favor of the Message's truth and against the populace's false beliefs; it also frequently employs sympathetic and sincere appeals to win over the populace's hearts at strategic moments by warning them of the negative effects of kufr and by promising them the joyful rewards of faith in order to persuade the gullible populace to abandon their stubbornness.
Additionally, the opposition's complaints have been addressed without mentioning them, and any uncertainties that the opposition had raised or that were impeding the spread of the Message have been dispelled. The Believers, who had been going through a long, difficult ordeal and were feeling worn out and waiting anxiously for Allah's assistance, had also been soothed and given a new sense of hope and confidence.